A normal night of sleep consists of 4 to 6 cycles of these stages, each lasting roughly 90 to 110 minutes. Wakefulness (W)

Slide 10: Clinical Application – EEG Abnormalities in Sleep Disorders

A healthy young adult spends roughly 5% of the night in N1, 50% in N2, 20% in N3, and 25% in REM. The first half of the night is dominated by deep slow-wave sleep (N3), while the second half contains longer periods of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. Slide 5: Non-REM Stage 1 (N1) – Transition to Sleep

What is the for this presentation? (e.g., undergraduate students, medical residents, general public)

The in the hypothalamus acts as the primary master switch for sleep. The VLPO releases GABA and galanin, which inhibit the waking centers of the ARAS. The Flip-Flop Switch

Alpha waves disappear and give way to low-voltage, mixed-frequency Theta waves .

Often shows "hyperarousal" on EEG, with increased beta activity during NREM. Sleep Apnea:

: Represent brain regions (Fp = Frontopolar, F = Frontal, C = Central, P = Parietal, O = Occipital).

: Odd numbers represent the left hemisphere. Even numbers represent the right hemisphere. The letter "z" stands for "zero," indicating the midline. Recommended Sleep Montages

– Visual chart comparing Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta waves.

: Brainwaves are categorized by their frequency (Hertz/Hz) and amplitude (microvolts/µV).

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