Social behavior in farm animals: Applying fundamental theory to improve animal welfare

Arnott, Gareth; Lee, Victoria E.; Turner, Simon P.

doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.932217

The ulcer is significantly smaller. The regenerating epithelium covers most of the base, leaving only a tiny central defect. 3. Scarring Stage (S1 & S2)

This phase is characterized by the active regrowth of new tissue (regenerating epithelium) over the ulcer crater. The progression from H1 to H2 shows the ongoing reduction in the size of the ulcer defect.

The system is divided into three primary stages, each containing two sub-levels based on the visual appearance of the ulcer during an endoscopy: 1. The Active Stage (A) A1 (Active-1):

(Healing 1): The ulcer becomes shallower, and the white coating shrinks. Regenerative epithelium (new tissue) appears as a thin, red rim around the margin of the ulcer. H2cap H sub 2

The chronological lifecycle of an ulcer under the Sakita-Miwa framework progresses linearly from a state of acute tissue damage to complete mucosal regeneration. The dynamic morphological features of each stage are detailed below:

: The ulcer is deep with a thick white or yellow coating (slough). The surrounding mucosa is edematously swollen (swelling from fluid), and no regenerating epithelium (new skin) is visible.

In local classification systems, diseases are often categorized by:

The white slough is completely gone. The area is covered by new, red-colored regenerating epithelium. This is often referred to as a "red scar". S2 (Scar-2 / White Scar):

This system is frequently used in clinical research, such as Randomized Clinical Trials , to evaluate the effectiveness of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) or other ulcer-healing medications.

Critics of the Sakitamiwa Classification point to three unresolved issues:

The final stage of healing. The redness disappears, leaving a white, flat scar as fibrous tissue matures and capillary density decreases. Summary Table Clinical Feature Highlights Active Thick white coating, edema, discrete margins Healing Epithelial regeneration, shallower base, shrinking coating Scarring Complete closure; initially red, maturing into a white scar

The system categorizes peptic ulcers into : Active (A), Healing (H), and Scarring (S). Each stage is further divided into two detailed sub-stages (1 and 2), creating a comprehensive six-point progression model. Main Stage Endoscopic Description & Visual Manifestation Active (A) A1

Sakitamiwa Classification _hot_

The ulcer is significantly smaller. The regenerating epithelium covers most of the base, leaving only a tiny central defect. 3. Scarring Stage (S1 & S2)

The system is divided into three primary stages, each containing two sub-levels based on the visual appearance of the ulcer during an endoscopy: 1. The Active Stage (A) A1 (Active-1):

(Healing 1): The ulcer becomes shallower, and the white coating shrinks. Regenerative epithelium (new tissue) appears as a thin, red rim around the margin of the ulcer. H2cap H sub 2 sakitamiwa classification

: The ulcer is deep with a thick white or yellow coating (slough). The surrounding mucosa is edematously swollen (swelling from fluid), and no regenerating epithelium (new skin) is visible. The ulcer is significantly smaller

In local classification systems, diseases are often categorized by:

The white slough is completely gone. The area is covered by new, red-colored regenerating epithelium. This is often referred to as a "red scar". S2 (Scar-2 / White Scar):

This system is frequently used in clinical research, such as Randomized Clinical Trials , to evaluate the effectiveness of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) or other ulcer-healing medications. Scarring Stage (S1 & S2) This phase is

Critics of the Sakitamiwa Classification point to three unresolved issues: